Product Code Database
The six Leningrad-class Flotilla leader were built for the Soviet Navy in the late 1930s. They were inspired by the contre-torpilleurs built for the French Navy. They were ordered in two batches of three ships each; the first group was designated Project 1 and the second Project 38. These ships were the first large vessels designed and built by the Soviets after the October Revolution of 1917.
The two deployed in the Baltic Sea, and , bombarded Finnish coast defense positions during the Winter War of 1939–1940. During Operation Barbarossa they provided fire support during the German siege of Tallinn and escorted the convoys when it was evacuated at the end of August 1941. Again they provided fire support during the Siege of Leningrad as they were blockaded in Saint Petersburg and Kronstadt by Axis minefields. Minsk was sunk by German air attack in September 1941, but was later raised and recommissioned. Neither ship did anything notable after the siege was lifted in January 1944. Moskva had a very short career in the Black Sea Fleet as she was sunk on 26 June 1941. Kharkov participated in most of the battles on the Black Sea coast, but was sunk by in October 1943 as she returned from a bombardment mission. began the war in the Pacific, but was transferred to the Soviet Northern Fleet via the Northern Sea Route between 15 July and 14 October 1942, where she spent the rest of the war escorting Arctic convoys and attempting to intercept German convoys to their ports on the Arctic Ocean. Tbilisi had little to do until after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria when she transported naval infantry.
Not much is known of the details of their post-war careers. Most underwent a lengthy modernization in the early 1950s before being relegated to roles as training or target ships in the late 1950s. They were scrapped or expended as targets in the early 1960s.
A pair of 34-K anti-aircraft (AA) guns were mounted on the rear deckhouse in single mounts. Manually worked, they had an elevation range of −5° to +85°. Their muzzle velocity of gave their time-fuzed a maximum range of . Their rate of fire was about 15–20 rounds per minute.Yakubov & Worth 2008b, p. 104 Light AA guns initially consisted of two semi-automatic 21-K AA guns mounted on either side of the bridge. These had been adapted from the 45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K) and consequently lacked time-fuzed ammunition, which meant that only a direct hit would detonate the rounds. On the surviving ships these were supplemented during the war by six to ten fully automatic 70-K AA guns and two to eight DShK machine guns. Some ships landed their middle 130 mm gun in exchange for more light AA guns.Breyer, p. 220 Photographic evidence shows that some ships received Lend-Lease, water-cooled Browning M2 AA machine guns.Yakubov & Worth, p. 78
They were the first Soviet ships to mount quadruple torpedo tubes, one launcher between the funnels and the other aft of the rear funnel. Sources disagree if any reload torpedoes were carried. The Leningrads were given a square stern with ramps to facilitate minelaying. They could carry 68 Model KB, 84 Model 1926 or 115 Model 1912 Naval mines. Although no sonar was initially fitted, just the Arktur hydrophone system that was useless at speeds above three knots, they carried 20 B-1 and 32 Model 1931 . At some point during the war Baku, Minsk, Leningrad and Tbilisi were fitted with British Lend-Lease ASDIC (sonar), Type 285 fire control and American SG air search radars.Breyer, p. 217
Both Baku and Tbilisi were assembled at Komsomolsk-on-Amur from parts provided by the shipyard at Nikolayev.Rohwer & Monakov, p. 232
Kharkov was repaired by 18 July and covered the retreat of the Danube Flotilla to Odessa during the next several days.Rohwer, p. 94 She bombarded Axis positions a number of times during the Siege of Odessa as well as escorting the evacuation convoys from Odessa to Sevastopol in October. During the Siege of Sevastopol she provided gunfire support and evacuated cut-off troops from elsewhere in the Crimea into Sevastopol and brought in reinforcements from Caucasian ports.Rohwer, pp. 112, 122 She helped to transport the 388th Rifle Division from Novorossisk and Tuapse to Sevastopol between 7–13 December, the 79th Naval Rifle Brigade on 19–20 December and the 354th Rifle Division between 21 and 22 December, bombarding German positions in the interim. Between February and July 1942 she bombarded German troops on multiple times and brought in reinforcements and supplies for Sevastopol, evacuating wounded and refugees as she returned to port. She bombarded Axis positions near Feodosiya on 2–3 August and provided fire support for the defenders of Novorossiysk on 1–4 September. Between 8–11 September she ferried the 137th and 145th Rifle Regiments along with the 3rd Naval Rifle Brigade from Poti to Tuapse and Gelendzhik and a month later she transported 12,600 men of the 8th, 9th and 10th Guards Infantry Brigades from Poti to Tuapse to reinforce the defenses there between 20 and 23 October.Rohwer, pp. 183, 193–194, 204 On 29 November 1942 she escorted the cruiser on a mission to bombard Axis positions on Feodonisi and bombarded Yalta during the night of 19–20 December. On the night of 4 February 1943 the Soviets made a series of amphibious landings to the west of Novorossiysk, behind German lines. Kharkov, two cruisers, and two other destroyers provided fire support for the main landing, but the Soviet troops there were wiped out by 6 February, although one secondary landing was successful. She bombarded German positions near Novorossiysk again on the night of 21–22 February. Anapa was bombarded on the night of 13–14 May and Feodosiya on 22–23 May.Rohwer, pp. 215, 219, 229, 231, 251 During the night of 5–6 October 1943 Kharkov and the destroyers Besposhchadny and Sposobny bombarded Yalta, Alushta and Feodosiya and were spotted on their return voyage and attacked by Stukas of III./StG 3. Kharkov was damaged by their first attack and had to be towed by Sposobny. The second attack damaged all three ships and Sposobny took Besposhchadny under tow as well. The next attack sank both Kharkov and Besposhchadny. Sposobny was sunk by the fourth wave while trying to rescue survivors. This incident prompted Joseph Stalin to issue an order forbidding the use of ships destroyer-sized and larger without his express permission.
Propulsion
The Leningrads had three shafts, each driving one propeller, which necessitated laying out the boilers and turbines on the "unit" principle which had the advantage that a single hit couldn't disable all of the boilers or engines and immobilize the ship. Two boiler rooms, each with one three-drum boiler, were sited beneath the forward funnel. Immediately aft of them were two machinery rooms, each with one geared steam turbine for the two outer shafts. The third boiler room was near the rear funnel and its turbine room was just aft, powering the central shaft. Designed to reach , the ships easily exceeded that with reaching during her on 5 November 1936.Hill, p. 25 of fuel oil were normally carried, but this could be increased to at full load. This gave the Leningrad-class ships a range of at .Breyer, pp. 219–220
Construction
Building times for these ships was absurdly long, not least due to mismanagement. Many delays were caused by the armament and the turbines, neither of which was ready for production when Leningrad was laid down. The new turbines entered production after the Leningrad was launched, but the new guns did not even enter production until three years after that. Additional problems were caused by the large numbers of defective parts, some items reaching a 90% rejection rate. Unusually for Soviet ships of the interwar period, the Leningrads were not overweight.Yakubov & Worth, p. 76
Ships
All ships were named after cities.
+ Construction data
! scope="col" Ship
! scope="col" Builder
! scope="col" Laid down
! scope="col" Launched
! scope="col" Commissioned
! scope="col" Fate Severnaya Verf, Saint Petersburg 5 November 1932 17 November 1933 5 December 1936 Sunk as a target, May 1963 Shipyard No. 198 (Marti South), Mykolaiv 19 October 1932 9 September 1934 19 November 1938 Sunk by aircraft, 6 October 1943 29 October 1932 1934 10 August 1938 Sunk on 26 June 1941, most likely by Romanian naval mine Shipyard No. 190 (Zhdanov), Leningrad 5 October 1934 6 November 1935 15 February 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 23 September 1941. Marine salvage, and sunk as a target, 1958 Shipyard No. 198 (Marti South), Nikolayev, and Shipyard No. 199, Komsomolsk-on-Amur (laid down), Dalzavod, Vladivostok (completed) 15 January 1935 (relaid 10 March 1936) 25 July 1938 27 December 1939 ship breaking, 30 July 1963 Shipyard No. 198 (Marti South), Nikolayev, and Shipyard No. 199, Komsomolsk-on-Amur (laid down), Shipyard No. 199 (completed) 15 January 1935 24 July 1939 11 December 1940 Scrapped, 31 January 1964
Service history
World War II
Baltic Fleet
Leningrad was commissioned into the Baltic Fleet in December 1936, but one source claims that she was still being worked on until July 1938. Minsk was commissioned in early 1939. She sailed to Tallinn on 22 October 1940 when the Soviet Union began to occupy Estonia.Rohwer, p. 7 After the Winter War broke out both ships bombarded Finnish coastal defense positions on Saarenpää Island, part of the Beryozovye Islands on 10 December 1939 and again on 30 December–3 January 1940. In addition Minsk bombarded them on 18–19 December as well.Rohwer, pp. 11–12 The beginning of Operation Barbarossa found Leningrad and Minsk in Tallinn and they were ordered to cover mine-laying operations at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland between Hanko and Osmussaar on 23 June.Rohwer, pp. 81–2 Both ships bombarded German positions surrounding Tallinn 23–27 August and participated in the evacuation of Tallinn from Tallinn to Saint Petersburg at the end of August 1941.Rohwer, pp. 94–5 Minsk was sunk in Kronstadt harbor by Junkers Ju 87 of StG 2 on 23 September. She was later salvaged and recommissioned on 22 June 1943. Leningrad was part of the third evacuation convoy from Hanko to Leningrad from 9–12 December, but was forced to turn back by damage from nearby mine explosions.Rohwer, p. 114 For most of the rest of the war both destroyers were blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by Axis minefields and could only provide gunfire support for the defenders during the Siege of Leningrad.Whitley, p. 230
Black Sea Fleet
Moskva was commissioned in 1938 and twice made port visits in Turkey before Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June 1941. Both Moskva and Kharkov bombarded the Romanian port of Constanţa with a total of 350 rounds on 26 June, but Moskva was sunk. Between 16 and 19 June, the Romanian minelayers Amiral Murgescu, Regele Carol I and Aurora laid a barrage of 1,000 mines near the port of Constanţa, (although other causes have been suggested: shells from the Romanian destroyer Regina Maria and the German coast defense battery Tirpitz, or an accidental friendly fire torpedo attack by the Soviet submarine Shch-206.)
Pacific Fleet
Baku began the war in the Pacific, but was transferred to the Soviet Northern Fleet via the Northern Sea Route between 15 July and 14 October 1942, where she spent the rest of the war escorting Arctic convoys, attempting to intercept German convoys en route to their ports on the Arctic Ocean and providing gunfire support for Soviet operations. Tbilisi had little to do until the Soviet invasion of Manchuria when she transported elements of the 358th Naval Rifle Battalion to the Korean port of Rason on 12 August 1945.Rohwer, p. 427
Postwar
Little is known of their post-war careers, other than that most underwent a lengthy modernization in the early 1950s. Minsk wasn't modernized, but rather redesignated as a training ship in 1951 and assigned to the Dzerzhinsky Higher Naval Engineering College. By the late 1950s most were being converted to target ships and other auxiliary roles before being scrapped or expended as targets in the early 1960s.
Notes
(2025). 9781682478776, Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781682478776
(2025). 9785891731783, Poligon. ISBN 9785891731783
(2025). 9780714648958, Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714648958
(2025). 9781862274501, Spellmount. ISBN 9781862274501
(2025). 9781844860623, Conway. ISBN 9781844860623
Further reading
(2025). 9781472847812, Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472847812
External links
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